ABSTRACT
Yoga is believed to be a safe practice; nonetheless, as the number of yoga practitioners has grown, so has the incidence of yoga-related injuries. Overall, lower extremity injuries comprised 64% of total injuries; specifically, the hip, hamstring, knee, ankle, feet and toe. Although a few research studies have quantified the hamstring muscle activities in various yoga asanas, evidence correlating it to functional anatomy is scarce. Therefore, the objective of this narrative review is to examine the literature and analyse hamstrings activity and its relationship to yogic postures, as well as yoga-related injuries, to establish which poses provide the most risk of damage, and to suggest injury-prevention techniques. The following electronic databases were used to conduct the literature search: Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Web of Science. hamstring muscle injuries OR yoga and rehabilitation OR intervention AND electromyography was among the search phrases utilized. Such information is important for yoga teachers, yoga therapists to help selecting yoga posture for hamstring muscle imbalance condition and avoiding posture to prevent hamstring muscle injury.
ABSTRACT
Background: During surgery of the shoulder region the identification of musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) and its variation is important because it is vulnerable to injury from surgical instruments. The MCN is formed as the continuation of lateral cord of brachial plexus. The MCN travels obliquely below the coracoid process and enters the coracobrachialis (CB) muscle. The MCN supplies the muscles of front of arm, namely the CB, the Biceps brachii and Brachialis muscles. Methods: The Morphological study included 25 cadavers aged between 21 to 70 years. Both the right and the left upper limbs of each cadaver, 50 limbs were studied and documented. The MCN showed variations in their course, branching pattern and communication with MN (median nerve). Results: The lateral cord gives a direct branch to CB, then pierces the muscle in 2 cases (8%) unilaterally. MCN does not pierce the CB but communicates with median nerve in 3 cases (12%) unilaterally, whereas communication between MCN and MN seen in 5 cases (20%). Conclusion: The Knowledge of Variation in origin, course, branching pattern, termination and communication of MCN in the arm have the significance in shoulder injuries and reconstructive surgeries.